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Researchers will carry out further surface studies and laboratory analyses before making a definitive dating of the cave. The team plans to document the painted surfaces in detail, classify the figures, create inventory records and examine pigment samples to better understand the cave’s chronology and painting techniques.
The helmets were discovered off the coast of Benicarló, eastern Spain, at the underwater site of Piedras de la Barbada. Fishermen had captured two large masses of metal and marine concretions that turned out to be stacked helmets, fused together by corrosion materials, sediment and marine debris. They were thought to be Roman because the site is rich with Roman material, including amphorae, anchors and Punic War-era bronze helmets.
The two concreted block were conserved and archaeologists counted at least 43 helmets in the two assemblages. (The figure comes from the helmets that can be counted on the surface of the two groups. There are probably more encased in the center of the blocks.) Two of them were separated from the blocks and placed on display at the Museo de la Ciudad de Benicarló. The original blocks and fragments that came off of them are kept in the Museu de Belles Arts de Castelló.
The dating revealed that these helmets were examples of a transitional style that was briefly trendy but that made no long-term on armor fashions.
Specialists believe that all the pieces formed a single shipment when they hit the seabed. The most probable hypothesis is that the batch was packed and transported by sea when an incident occurred during loading or unloading operations. The cache was found at a depth of just six metres, right next to an area used as a jetty.
Dr Graells suggested that a portion of the cargo became trapped under the sand and could not be recovered at the time. This accidental mishap allowed the package to remain hidden for centuries, safely buried out of sight.
The exceptional preservation of the helmets was achieved through the combined action of marine concretions and sediment. In some specimens, these deposits sealed the fabrics lining the interior, creating stable micro-environments that protected organic materials that would normally decay. These very textile fragments proved fundamental to reconstructing the history of the hoard.
The researchers place the sinking during a particularly turbulent period for the western Mediterranean. The expansion of Islamic piracy along the Valencian coast during the mid-14th century, alongside the growing militarisation of the coastline, generated a high demand for defensive equipment. In this context, the cargo may have been destined for local militias, troops of the Kingdom of Valencia, or armed companies tasked with protecting the maritime frontier.
The findings have been published in the journal Antiquity and can be read in its entirety here.
The repatriated artifact is a polished blackware bowl with incised geometric decoration, dating to the Early Cypriot III/ Middle Cypriot I period, between ca. 2100 and 1750 B.C.
This type of miniature black polished bowl characterized by the simple geometric design were made from dark clay. The lines of the geometric patterns were incused on the surface of the shaped clay with one pass of a sharp tool and a white lime paint was added to the incised lines in a second pass. The decorated vessel was then fired to create a black burnished appearance.
The recovered bowl will now be conserved by state archaeologists for future display.
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