Some 30,000 German soldiers fought for the British during the war. Contrary to popular belief, they weren't mercenaries, and not all were actually Hessians
* This article was originally published here
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When the mass grave was first unearthed, archaeologists thought it was be related to the near-by medieval and early modern cemetery, perhaps a plague pit or the victims of one of the Ottoman sieges of Vienna. Roman remains had never been found in the Hasenleitengasse area of the city, but as the excavation progressed, the sheer density of remains — at least 128 individuals crammed into a 16.5 by 15-foot pit — made it completely different from any other known mass graves. Radiocarbon dating of the remains and few objects found in the grave date it to the late 1st/early 2nd century A.D.
Analysis of the remains has found that all of the 129 individuals were young adult males between the ages of 18 and 35. At least 48 of them suffered a violent trauma injuries (sharp force, blunt force, projectile penetration), 85% of them inflicted at the time of death (perimortem). They were interred under time pressure, resulting in a disorganized grave with individuals entwined with each other in multiple orientations.
From the injury evidence, researchers determined the deceased were likely soldiers who died in one violent clash. However, there is no other evidence, either in historical literature or on the archaeological record, of a battle having taken place in this area at that time.

The most likely scenario for these pelvic injuries is an attacker on the ground using a throwing lance and targeting a gap in an enemy’s armor as he rode horseback.
“We have one individual where the lance head was still inside the pelvis when we excavated him,” Strang told Live Science. “The people who caused these injuries were aiming for these sensitive areas,” she said.
The Hasenleitengasse mass grave is an important site for understanding projectile weapon use, Patrick Randolph-Quinney, a biological anthropologist at Uppsala University in Sweden who was not involved in the research, told Live Science. The fact that projectile trauma was focused on the groin and lower limbs “tells us about a possible lack of armor and protection in those areas — but also that the attackers knew how to incapacitate based on soft-tissue anatomy,” he said.
To find out more about whether the soldiers were Roman or Germanic tribesmen from the local Marcomanni people or somebody else entirely, the team performed DNA analysis of 25 of the skeletons. The results confirmed that the deceased were male and determined a surprising diversity of origins in the small sample. Some came from Italy, other from mainland Europe and three were from the eastern Mediterranean and the Levant.
“These individuals may have been Roman military personnel,” Strang said. “But they might not all be Romans. There’s a chance that it is a commingled grave, with Romans and another Germanic tribe.”
Research on the skeletal remains is ongoing. Next on the agenda is stable isotope analysis to narrow down where they came from, plus investigating their overall health, what they ate and whether they suffered from any diseases.
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In 293, the western Caesar Constantius Chlorus retook some of the territories in Gaul. Carausius’ treasurer Allectus assassinated him and appointed himself emperor, but when Constantius launched a full invasion to reclaim Britain in 296 A.D., Allectus died in the battle and the Britannic Empire was no more.

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A new study of the remains of men discovered with iron shackles on their wrist in a mass grave in Athens, Greece, in 2016 has revealed that they were Athenian locals, not invaders or immigrants.
The mass grave was one of three, dubbed the “Esplanada,” that were found in an excavation of the Phaleron necropolis, in use from the 8th to the 5th century B.C. Pottery found inside the grave dates it to between 675 and 650 B.C. The bodies of 79 adult men, all young and healthy, all killed at the same time by the same method, so a deliberate execution rather than a battle, were discovered arms above their heads shackled at the wrists. They had been laid out in three orderly rows and buried with respect.
In the decade since the discovery, there has been much debate on who these men may have been and why they were executed. One possibility was that they were the noble youths who joined the failed coup of Cylon of Athens in 632 B.C., but the radiocarbon dates don’t quite fit. Another possibility was a mass execution of criminals at the dawn of state-enforced judicial power in Athens.
Researchers from Arizona State University’s Center for Bioarchaeological Research recently sought to answer some of the questions using strontium isotope analysis.
Strontium is absorbed into teeth from local food and water during childhood, leaving a chemical signature tied to where a person grew up. By comparing that signature to known local values, researchers can tell whether someone spent their early years near where they were later buried.
The team tested samples from 66 of the men in the Esplanada grave, along with 97 other individuals buried elsewhere at Phaleron. The results showed that nearly all of them, about 97 percent of the men in the mass grave, had local origins.
That figure closely matched the broader Phaleron population, where about 96 percent of those tested were also local.
These results confirm that the individuals interred in the Esplanada were killed by their neighbors, and that they had no significant differences in geographic background. The homogeneity of the results throughout the necropolis support the argument that Attica in the Archaic period was still insular with limited migration, even though the wider Aegean area was seeing increasing interaction and population movement.
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