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An engraved symbol found on a 1st century B.C. spindle whorl is one of the earliest examples of alphabetic writing in the northern Iberian peninsula. The spindle whorl, a donut-shaped counterweight for a spinning spindle, was discovered during the 2017 excavation at the Iron Age La Peña del Castro site near La Ercina in northwestern Spain’s León Province.
There is evidence of occupation at the La Peña del Castro site in phases starting from the 10th century B.C. until the Roman era, with its largest extent of area and population between the 6th-3rd century B.C. and the 2nd-1st century B.C. The village was burned and abandoned in the 1st century B.C.
The 2017 excavated uncovered a circular structure archaeologists identified as a private warehouse. Artifacts found inside the warehouse include a basket made of bark containing a set of seeds, remains of bovine legs likely in the process of being cured and several tools of agricultural or artisanal use. Among the artisanal tools were three perforated discs made of talc believed to be spindle whorls.
After cleaning, the pieces revealed decorations of dots and radial lines on two of them and a small symbol consisting of two incised lines forming an acute angle like a letter V on the third. The engraving of the symbol is precise and accurate, with the vertices of the lines at the same distance from the edge. The engraver made a light perforation at each point of the vertices using a plate drill, several of which have been found at the site. The strokes then joined the perforations.
The symbol bears no relation to the decorations on the other spindle whorls or to any other artifacts found at the site. It has, however, been documented in graffiti from the Vaccean culture, a Celtic people related to the Celtiberians who occupied parts of León from the 4th century B.C. well into the Roman imperial era. While they did not use writing systems, they did adopt the Celtiberian alphabet with a smattering of Latin characters used to spell the indigenous language.
Analysis of the dark grey talc with honey talc veining used to make the engraved spindle whorl found a match for the talc extracted from the mines of Puebla de Lillo about 25 miles north of La Peña del Castro from the 2nd century B.C. Because the material was local, it was likely engraved at the site rather than introduced through trade.
This would indicate that, although we do not have any texts from the Iron Age in the Cantabrian area, there was a population in this settlement that had the knowledge to carry out this practice . In this regard, we must consider the possibility that there could have been a foreign population in the settlement.
This study has been published in the journal Paleohispánica and can be read in this pdf.
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A landscape of a castle on a lake painted by Flemish Old Master Abel Grimmer (ca. 1570-1618/19) has been rediscovered in a private collection by auctioneers Woolley and Wallis. Landscape with Peasants Near a Lakeside Castle, an oil on canvas painting, has been in the present owners’ family since 1935 when it was purchased from a Brussels gallery, but they did not know who made it. They only found out that it was a rare genuine work by Abel Grimmer when they sent photos of the painting to the auction house for appraisal.
Initially working from a photograph image, paintings specialist Victor Fauvelle explained;
“Genuine works by Abel Grimmer are rare and often turn out to be copies. On first look at the photos, the composition seemed to be very typical of Abel Grimmer, but we were not hopeful that it was genuine, as works by him are very rare. In order to research it further we went to The National Art Library in the V&A in London to go through the catalogue raisonné of Abel Grimmer and his father, Jacob Grimmer (1526-1590) (who was also an artist), which was published in 1991.”
To delight of the department, the picture in question was described in detail in the catalogue raisonné and fitted the description perfectly. When the clients brought the picture in, Victor could tell immediately that it was a period work from the paint surface, which had the ‘unmistakable luminescence’ of this great period of Flemish late Renaissance painting.
Abel Grimmer was the son of landscape artist Jacob Grimmer. Art historian Giorgio Vasari considered Jacob one of the greatest landscape painters of his time. Jacob was also known for making inexpensive copies of works by Pieter Bruegel the Elder, and his son was also strongly influenced by Bruegel. Brueghel’s The Harvesters, a series of six panels depicting people working the fields in different seasons, inspired the naturalism of the landscape and realistic poses of the people in Abel Grimmer’s landscapes.
Abel’s landscapes often depicted peasants engaged in work or leisure activities in the Flemish countryside, and the newly-rediscovered work is a fine example of his style.
Abel Grimmer was an important figure in the development of Flemish landscape painting. His atmospheric work cleverly combined detailed natural elements, often in rural settings, with an emphasis on seasonal changes, which was truly innovative for his time. A keen comprehension of light and colour gives the painting a sense of realism and depth. Abel Grimmer’s fresh approach to landscape compositions marked a transition from the Medieval, more symbolic depictions of nature, to a more observational and naturalistic approach.
The work goes under the hammer at Woolley and Wallis’ Old Masters, British & European Paintings sale on March 5th with a pre-sale estimate of £15,000-£20,000 ($19,000-$25,000).
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By: SGK ADVERTISING ADDA on February 28, 2025 / comment : 0
A large fresco with scenes of the secret initiation rites of the cult of Dionysus has been discovered in a villa in the Regio IX neighborhood of Pompeii. The fresco is a megalography, a Greek term meaning “large painting” used to describe paintings with large figures that cover a large space. The figures are almost life-sized and cover three walls of a banquet room. The frescoes were painted in the Second Pompeian Style and date to between 40 and 30 B.C.
Painted against a vivid red background, the frescoes depicts the ritual procession of Dionysus, the god of wine and ecstasy. Bacchantes, the god’s young female devotees, are shown as dancers and as hunters, carrying a slaughtered goat on their shoulders and a sword and the entrails of a sacrificed animal in their hands. Also in the procession are satyrs playing the double flute and pouring a wine libation over his shoulders. In the center of the procession is an elegantly dressed woman with Silenus (the drunkest and oldest of Dionysus’ adherents) holding a torch. She is being initiated into the mysteries of the Dionysus cult. Unusually, all of the figures are shown on pedestals, even though they are captured in dynamic movement.
The only other megalography of this type, period and scale known is the one in House of the Mysteries, a villa just outside the gates of Pompeii. However, its depiction of the Dionysus mysteries does not contain any imagery of the hunt. The newly-discovered fresco not only features bacchante huntresses, but also a smaller border frieze above them that features all kinds of animals, alive and dead. The border fresco depicts a fawn, wild boar, birds, fish and shellfish.
The domus has been named the House of the Thiasos after Dionysus’ retinue of revelers in ecstasy. It will be open to the public in limited numbers as part of the visits allowed to the Regio IX excavation and stabilization program.
“In 100 years’ time, today will be remembered as historic because the discovery we are presenting is historic,” said Italian Culture Minister Alessandro Giuli, who attended the unveiling of the frescoes.
“Alongside the Villa of the Mysteries, this fresco forms an unparalleled testament to the lesser-known aspects of ancient Mediterranean life.”
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New research has found that the Iron Age bog body discovered in 2023 in Bellaghy, County Derry, Northern Ireland, initially thought to be a teenaged boy was in fact a female between 17 and 22 years old when she died 2,000 years ago. The vast majority of Iron Age bog-preserved individuals are male, which makes this discovery highly significant.
The headless body — bones, some soft tissues and one kidney — were found in the peat bog in October of 2023. The Police Service of Northern Ireland’s Body Recovery Team were unable to determine if they were recent or archaeological, so archaeologists excavated the remains and a forensic anthropologist performed a post-portem on them. The anthropologist found the remains were definitely archaeological, dating to between 343 and 1 B.C., and that they belonged to a male between 13 and 17 years old.
Those preliminary results have now been upended by an international team of forensic scientists and archaeologists who have spent a year studying the recovered remains.
The individual had an estimated stature of around 5 foot 6 inches. While the body was well preserved, the skull was absent and was not recovered. Cut marks on the neck vertebrae indicate the cause of death as an intentional decapitation in the bog. This may be part of a pattern of ritual and sacrifice during the Iron Age period. Part of a woven item made of plant material was also recovered from below the knees and is thought to be part of an associated artefact. The museum is currently working with specialists to identify what this artefact could potentially be and are describing it as a woven plant-based fabric, likely associated with the individual and dating to this period. […]
Eileen Murphy is Professor of Archaeology at the School of Natural and Built Environment at Queen’s University Belfast. She carried out the osteological assessment which provided a biological profile for the individual and ascertained the cause of their death. She explained,
“It was a privilege to undertake the osteological analysis of these important, but also very poignant, archaeological human remains. As is the case for so many Iron Age bog bodies, the young woman suffered a highly violent death which involved the flow of blood from her throat followed by decapitation. The head was taken away but the body was left where it fell only to be discovered by machine workers some 2000 years later. Further scientific analysis, including the conclusion of an aDNA analysis, will no doubt yield more fascinating findings.”
The human remains and woven artifact are now in the State Pathology Laboratory to National Museums NI where they will undergo conservation after the scientific studies are concluded.
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An Iron Age bronze spoon believed to have been used to foresee the future has been unearthed in the parish of Patrick on the Isle of Man. It is one of only 28 examples of this type of spoon known in the world, and the first of them to be discovered on the Isle of Man.
The spoon has a broad strawberry-shaped bowl with spiral designs on each side of the base like tiny leaves. There are two engraved lines that intersect in a cross at the deepest part of the bowl. The handle is circular with a semi-spherical bump in the center.
Allison Fox, Curator for Archaeology for Manx National Heritage said:
“Dating to around 400-100 BC, this bronze spoon is one of the most intriguing objects ever discovered on the Island. Iron Age finds are relatively scarce, with bronze spoons dating to this period rare, making this find all the more remarkable. Although it sounds rather plain because we call it a spoon, it really is an unusual find illustrating potential prehistoric ritual activity taking place on the Isle of Man”. […]
“The spoons are usually found in pairs, and it has been suggested that liquid of some form would have been poured into the spoon which has the cross, and whatever quarter it landed in would tell something about the future. The details of such ceremonies have been lost in the midst of time.
The spoon was found by metal detectorist Rob Middleton on private land belonging to farmer David Anderson on the west coast of the island. The finder and the landowner have donated the spoon to Manx National Collections. As of Valentine’s Day, it is on permanent display at the House of Manannan, a museum dedicated to Man’s history near the find site.
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