Soldier Janardhan Gowda: ಮಡಯ ಯಧ ಛತತಸಗಢದಲಲ ಸವ ಸವಗರಮದಲಲ ಅತಯಕರಯ

ಮಂಡ್ಯ, ಜೂನ್ 23: ಭೂಸೇನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾರ್ಯ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ತೀವ್ರ ಅನಾರೋಗ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಒಳಗಾಗಿದ್ದ ಕರ್ನಾಟಕದ ಯೋಧರೊಬ್ಬರು ಚಿಕಿತ್ಸೆಗೆ ಫಲಿಸದೇ ಮೃತಪಟ್ಟ ಘಟನೆ ನಡೆದಿದೆ. ಭೂಸೇನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಯೋಧನಾಗಿದ್ದ ಜನಾರ್ಧನ ಗೌಡ ಮೃತಪಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಮೃತ ಯೋಧ ಮಂಡ್ಯ ಜಿಲ್ಲೆಯ ಕೆ.ಆರ್‌.ಪೇಟೆ ತಾಲೂಕಿನ ಕಿಕ್ಕೇರಿ ಗ್ರಾಮದವರು ಎಂದು ತಿಳಿದು ಬಂದಿದೆ. ಅವರು ಕೆಲವು ರ್ಷಗಳಿಂದ ಛತ್ತೀಸ್‌ಗಢದಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಯೋಜನೆಗೊಂಡಿದ್ದರು. ಎಂದಿನಂತೆ ತಮ್ಮ

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Jared McBride Sheds Light on the Darker Parts of Ukraine's History

Ukrainian Auxiliary Police during Nazi occupation, c. 1943. Photo Bundesarchiv. 

 

 

Jared McBride, an Assistant Professor in UCLA’s History Department, sat down with HNN to discuss his research into 20th century violence in Ukraine. McBride specializes in the regions of Russia, Ukraine, and Eastern Europe and his research interests include nationalist movements, mass violence, the Holocaust, interethnic conflict, and war crimes prosecution. His research has been funded by Fulbright-Hays, the Social Science Research Council, the Mellon Foundation, and the Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation and has been published in Holocaust and Genocide Studies, Journal of Genocide Research, The Carl Beck Papers, Ab Imperio, Kritika, and Slavic Review. At present, McBride is completing a book manuscript titled Pathways to Perpetration: Violence and the Undoing of Multi-Ethnic Western Ukraine, 1941-1944 that focuses on local perpetrators and interethnic violence in Nazi-occupied western Ukraine.

Q. In 2017 you wrote an article for Haaretz, a leading Israeli newspaper, which condemned the “mythmaking” attempts in Ukraine (then led by President Poroshenko) to “whitewash” the involvement of nationalist Ukrainians during WWII in terrorism against Jews and members of the Polish minority in Western Ukraine. Now, some six years later, the government of Ukraine is headed by Volodymyr Zelensky.  In recent years, have Ukrainian museums or local municipalities begun to acknowledge the role of local people in supporting the Nazi invaders in WWII?

Many scholars assumed the government of  President Zelensky,  which posited itself as centrist and outside the usual divides in the Ukrainian political landscape, would mark a break in the more cynical memory politics regarding 20th century history employed by the Poroshenko government. Until the start of the new war in 2022, this appeared to be true. Crucially, one of the most common barometers for policy shifts concerning the past is how the often-controversial Institute for National Memory is staffed and how they orient their projects. In this case, Zelensky clearly opted for a more moderate and respected leader and inclusive projects meant to bridge divides, rather than create them. How the Russian invasion will ultimately shape these politics moving forward remains to be seen. Concerning museums and municipalities, the assessment remains mixed. The aforementioned Decommunization Laws led to the removal of many Soviet-era markers, which is certainly understandable, but the replacement of them with monuments to individuals who served in Nazi-led battalions and police forces has been met with less sympathy.

Still, it is important to note the latter does not represent most of the new memorialization efforts, many of which include important and non-controversial Ukrainian figures from the last two centuries. In terms of other prominent and public spaces, we find similar tensions and growing pains. More controversial spaces like the Prison on Lonksoho in L’viv continue to operate, whereas Ukrainians have made progressive efforts to mark spaces in commemoration of where other ethno-national groups lived and died on Ukrainian soil. I’d therefore like to highlight the prolific work of Rivne-based NGO Mnemonics, which has completed projects like memorializing the site of the Jewish ghetto and even laying steppingstones (Stolperstein) throughout the city, among a great deal of other work. Finally, the fate of the endlessly byzantine process around the Babyn Yar commemoration project in Kiev remains to be seen, but it should say a lot of about the future treatment of these issues in a new Ukraine.

 

Q. How did you first get interested in this subject?

During my first year of college at Northeastern University, I took a course taught by Professor Jeffrey Burds that focused solely on the Second World War on the Eastern Front. This course highlighted various aspects of the war in the East including the intelligence front, partisan movements, local collaboration, the Holocaust, ethnic cleansing, and sexualized violence. In doing so, Dr. Burds exposed undergraduates to cutting-edge research on these topics through his own path-breaking work and that of others. When I took the course in the late 1990s, the field of study was rapidly developing so it was the perfect time to be exposed to these themes.

Shortly after the course ended, I began studying Russian and I followed up by learning German, and eventually studying Ukrainian in graduate school. I was able to put my Russian to use in two undergraduate research trips to Russian archives in Moscow where I began to work with primary source materials on the war. These experiences motivated me to seek a PhD in Russian/Eastern European history.

 

Q. How have students reacted when you lecture on this topic? Your scholarly articles discuss mass killings and torturing of women and children. Have any students complained about being exposed to potentially traumatic descriptions and images?

My experience teaching on these topics, first at Columbia on a teaching post-doc, and second, at UCLA since 2016, has been overwhelmingly positive. My courses on Eastern Europe in the 20th century and the Soviet experience are always full. I find students are curious and enthusiastic to learn about some of the many difficult moments of the 20th century. Most do not seem to come to the classroom with preconceived notions about the region, positive or negative, that I believe children of the Cold War, like me, had when we took these classes in the nineties or eighties. I also organize a team-taught course at UCLA each year on political violence and genocide for over two hundred first-year students called Political Violence in the Modern World. My experiences running this large course have been no different over the past four years – UCLA students can and do work through sensitive material in a respectful and engaged manner.

 

Q. In past years you were able to travel to Russia and Ukraine and Russia and get access to records. Has that availability changed because of the war in Ukraine?

I was able to complete most of my dissertation and now manuscript research in Ukraine and Russia before the events of the 2014 Maidan Revolution, so I did not have any access issues at the time. Access to Soviet-era archival materials in Ukraine only improved after the revolution and arrival of the Poroshenko government thanks, somewhat ironically, to a suite of controversial laws known as the Decommunization Laws. While controversial in terms of memory politics, the laws simplified access to the archives, including former KGB archives, and this was a boon for historians like myself. The war in Ukraine has not shuttered the archives – I know some colleagues continue to go and I have been able to support seasoned research assistants who have been able to access materials — but the war has unquestionably hampered the ability of young Ukrainian scholars to complete their work. Russian missiles have also damaged some holdings, which is terrible for scholars.

Russia has been the inverse of Ukraine in recent years where archives have been more restricted, especially for foreigners. Accessing Russian archives will likely prove increasingly difficult, and though there have been recent efforts to create crowd-sourced digital repositories for scholars, nothing truly replaces the experience of working on-site. The future is concerning for Soviet studies and archival research in Russia and Ukraine, but ultimately what matters most is that the war ends, and Ukrainians can rebuild their lives and livelihoods. Scholarship is second to survival.

 

Q. Please tell us a little bit about the book you are working on, Pathways to Perpetration: Violence and the Undoing of Multi-Ethnic Western Ukraine, 1941-1944.

My book expands upon my earlier work on local perpetrators in multiethnic settings. It is a micro-level social and political history of the Nazi occupation of western Ukraine. It examines the motivations of those who participated in various arenas of violence during the war including pogroms, the Holocaust, ethnic cleansing, and paramilitary violence. Throughout, I demonstrate how the social identities and group formations that are typically assumed to have caused the violence were instead caused by it, and that political choices were less often anchored in pre-existing ideologies and beliefs but rather more dynamic and situational than previously argued.

My conclusions therefore challenge overriding nationalist and primordialist interpretations of the war and people’s decisions in it. This integrative account of local perpetrators and decision-making is based on 10-plus years of research in Russia and Ukraine using sources in five languages from eighteen archives, including post-war Soviet investigations, newly declassified KGB trials, German documents, and personal accounts.

* This article was originally published here

Carly Rae Jepsen on Glastonbury: I'll get lost like a child

The pop star says she hopes to drift off and spend time people watching after her festival debut.

from BBC News - Entertainment & Arts https://ift.tt/zAwjrJ3

ಪರಧನ ನರದರ ಮದ ವಶವದ ಜನಪರಯ ನಯಕರಗಲ ಕರಣ ಏನ ಗತತ? ಇಲಲದ ವರದ

ನರೇಂದ್ರ ಮೋದಿ, ಸದ್ಯದ ವಿಶ್ವದ ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯ ನಾಯಕರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬರು. ಹಲವು ಸರ್ವೆಗಳು, ವರದಿಗಳ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ನರೇಂದ್ರ ಮೋದಿ ವಿಶ್ವದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲಾ ನಾಯಕರಿಗಿಂತ ಜನಪ್ರಿಯತೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಂಚೂಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಟ್ವಿಟರ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ನರೇಂದ್ರ ಮೋದಿ ಅವರು 89.5 ಮಿಲಿಯನ್ ಫಾಲೋವರ್ಸ್‌ಗಳನ್ನು ಹೊಂದಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ನರೇಂದ್ರ ಮೋದಿ ಇಷ್ಟೊಂದು ಜನಪ್ರಿಯವಾಗಲು ಕಾರಣವೇನು, ಯಾವೆಲ್ಲಾ ವಿಚಾರಗಳು ಅವರು ಜನಪ್ರಿಯವಾಗಲು ಸಹಾಯಕವಾಗಿವೆ ಎನ್ನುವ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮುಜಿಬ್

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RSC expands scheme to give children skills through Shakespeare

The company says it will work with pupils in Skegness, Coventry, Peterborough, Corby and Hartlepool.

from BBC News - Entertainment & Arts https://ift.tt/YfN0pCT

ಭಯತಪದನ: ಪಕಸತನಕಕ ಖಡಕ ಎಚಚರಕ ಕಟಟ ಪರಧನ ಮದ ಜ ಬಡನ

ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್, ಜೂನ್ 23: ದೆಹಲಿಯನ್ನು ಗುರಿಯಾಗಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿರುವ ಭಯೋತ್ಪಾದಕರನ್ನು ಸದೆಬಡಿಯುವಂತೆ ಪ್ರಧಾನಿ ನರೇಂದ್ರ ಮೋದಿ, ಅಮೆರಿಕ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ ಜೋ ಬೈಡನ್ ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಖಡಕ್ ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಪ್ರಧಾನಿ ನರೇಂದ್ರ ಅಮೆರಿಕ ಪ್ರವಾಸ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಗುರುವಾರ ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್ ರಾಜ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ಭೇಟಿ ನೀಡಿದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಜಂಟಿ ಹೇಳಿಕೆ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು, ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನ ಮೂಲದ ಭಯೋತ್ಪಾದಕ ಗುಂಪುಗಳಾದ ಲಷ್ಕರ್-ಎ-ತೊಯ್ಬಾ ಮತ್ತು ಜೈಶ್-ಎ-ಮೊಹಮ್ಮದ್ ವಿರುದ್ಧ

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ಭರತಯ ಉದಯಗಗಳಗ ಬಪರ ಗಫಟ: ವಸ ನವಕರಣ ವಯವಸಥ ಆಗಲದ ಮತತಷಟ ಸರಳ?

ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್: ಪ್ರಧಾನಿ ಮೋದಿ ಅವರ ಅಮೆರಿಕ ಭೇಟಿ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಲವು ಮಹತ್ವದ ಒಪ್ಪಂದಕ್ಕೆ ಅಂತಿಮ ಮುದ್ರೆ ಬೀಳುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಅದ್ರಲ್ಲೂ ರಕ್ಷಣಾ ಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ, ತಂತ್ರಜ್ಞಾನ ವಲಯ ಸೇರಿದಂತೆ ವೀಸಾ ನವೀಕರಣ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯಲ್ಲೂ ಮಹತ್ವದ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಇದೀಗ ನಿರೀಕ್ಷೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ. ಈ ಮೂಲಕ ಭಾರತೀಯರಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಗತ್ಯವಾಗಿರುವ ಎಚ್‌-1ಬಿ ವೀಸಾ ಇನ್ನು ಮುಂದೆ ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಸಿಗುವುದು ಬಹುತೇಕ ಪಕ್ಕಾ ಆಗಿದೆ.

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ಉಕರನಗ ಅಮರಕದ ಭರಜರ ಗಫಟ: 10 ಸವರ ಕಟ ರಪಯ ಕಟಟ ವಶವದ ದಡಡಣಣ

ವಾಷಿಂಗ್ಟನ್: ಅಮೆರಿಕ ಮತ್ತೊಮ್ಮೆ ಉಕ್ರೇನ್‌ಗೆ ಭಾರಿ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪ್ರಮಾಣದ ಸಹಾಯವನ್ನ ಮಾಡಿದೆ. ಈವರೆಗೂ ಸುಮಾರು 3 ಲಕ್ಷ ಕೋಟಿ ರೂಪಾಯಿಗೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ನೆರವು ನೀಡಿದ್ದ ಅಮೆರಿಕ, ಈಗ 10 ಸಾವಿರ ಕೋಟಿ ರೂಪಾಯಿ ನೀಡಿದೆ. ಈ ಮೂಲಕ ರಷ್ಯಾ ವಿರುದ್ಧದ ಯುದ್ಧಕ್ಕೆ ಪರೋಕ್ಷವಾಗಿ ನೆರವಾಗುತ್ತಿದೆ ಅನ್ನೋ ಆರೋಪವೂ ಕೇಳಿಬಂದಿದೆ. ಆ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಮಾಹಿತಿ ಇಲ್ಲಿ ತಿಳಿಯಿರಿ. ರಷ್ಯಾ

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How Bob Dylan Ran Afoul of the FBI

James Baldwin and Bob Dylan at a dinner of the Emergency Civil Rights Committee, where Dylan would give a notorious speech in acceptance of the organization's Thomas Paine Award.

 

 

 

The Kennedy Assassination

On November 22, a little more than two weeks after the Newsweek article [a derogatory profile on Dylan], John F. Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas. On December 13, Bob Dylan received an award from the Emergency Civil Rights Committee. Things did not go well.

Problems arose when Dylan, who had been drinking throughout the ceremony, gave a rambling acceptance speech that reads more as an out-loud, unfiltered internal monologue, rather than a thought-through statement of views, let alone the expected thank you at an awards ceremony. In part, he said:

So, I accept this reward — not reward [laughter], award on behalf of Phillip Luce who led the group to Cuba which all people should go down to Cuba. I don’t see why anybody can’t go to Cuba. I don’t see what’s going to hurt by going any place. I don’t know what’s going to hurt anybody’s eyes to see anything. On the other hand, Phillip is a friend of mine who went to Cuba. I’ll stand up and to get uncompromisable about it, which I have to be to be honest, I just got to be, as I got to admit that the man who shot President Kennedy, Lee Oswald, I don’t know exactly where — what he thought he was doing, but I got to admit honestly that I too — I saw some of myself in him. I don’t think it would have gone — I don’t think it could go that far. But I got to stand up and say I saw things that he felt, in me — not to go that far and shoot. [Boos and hisses]

Before ending his remarks, he scolded the crowd for booing, “Bill of Rights is free speech,” and saying he accepted the award “on behalf of James Forman of the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee and on behalf of the people who went to Cuba.” That too was met with boos as well as applause.

Dylan’s internal thought process aside, in most situations in 1963, his comments on Cuba alone would have been enough to get him into trouble, but given the proximity to the Kennedy assassination, his remarks about Oswald were unequivocally verboten. As a result, he would be forced to issue a public apology. Though his apology, consistent with Dylan speaking for himself alone, reads as a further elaboration on his own internal thinking:

when I spoke of Lee Oswald, I was speakin of the times I was not speakin of his deed if it was his deed the deed speaks for itself.

Apology or not, the speech had repercussions. Among other things, the incident found its way into the FBI’s files — by way of his girlfriend Suze Rotolo. As a report in her file noted:

ROBERT DYLAN, self-employed as a folksinger appeared on December 13, 1963, at the 10th Annual Bill of Rights Dinner held by the ECLC at the Americana Hotel, New York City. At this dinner, DYLAN received the Tom Paine Award given each year by the ECLC to the “foremost fighter for civil liberties.” In his acceptance speech DYLAN said that he agreed in part with LEE HARVEY OSWALD and thought that he understood OSWALD but would not have gone as far as OSWALD did.

A more elaborate account of the incident showed up in the nationally syndicated column of Fulton Lewis, Jr., which ridiculed the entire event, but made clear to get across Dylan’s remarks. For example, Lewis characterized James Baldwin, also honored at the event, as a “liberal egghead whose books dot the best seller list,” and, Robert Thompson, another attendee as “the top-ranking Communist official once convicted of violating the Smith Act.” He then delivered his shot at Dylan:

The ECRC Tom Paine Award went to folksinger Bob Dylan, who wore dirty chinos and a worn-out shirt. He accepted the award “on behalf of all those who went to Cuba because they’re young and I’m young and I’m proud of it.” He went on to say that he saw part of Lee Harvey Oswald “in myself.”

What is striking about the column is that it reads as though Lewis were at the dinner, though he never says as much, nor does he cite any source for what is a very detailed description of the event. So either he failed to mention his attendance — his byline has him in Washington, the dinner was in New York — or he received a rather detailed report from an unnamed source.

All this might be explained by the fact that Lewis had a friendly relationship with the FBI. An FBI memo from October 1963, which listed anti-communist writers “who have proved themselves to us,” including journalists Paul Harvey of ABC News, Victor Riesel of the Hall Syndicate, and Fulton Lewis Jr. of King Features Syndicate.

That particular mystery might be answered by information in the FBI file on Bob Dylan, which recent governmental releases show was created. Specifically, there is an FBI report on the Emergency Civil Liberties Committee, which includes a table of contents listing for a report on the dinner. Unfortunately, the actual report is not included in that document, though there is a notation on the informant — coded as T-3390-S — who supplied information on Dylan. Beyond that, there is a report from January 1964, which references a file on Dylan himself, though there he is called “Bobby Dyllon.” Bob Dylan, in other words, was a subject of a more particular kind of FBI attention.

While most writing on Dylan in this period focuses on his personal decisions and behavior, what is clear in looking at the concentrated events in his most political period is that he confronted a considerable amount of scrutiny and hostility. He was ridiculed in the media, kept from performing certain material on television, and had his spontaneous remarks used to justify the opening of an FBI file. Dylan, in other words, was up against more than he realized. In this, he was not alone.

 

Excerpted with permission from 

Whole World in an Uproar: Music Rebellion & Repression 1955-1972

Aaron J Leonard

Repeater Books, 2023

* This article was originally published here

ಕದರದ ಧರಣ ಬದಲದರ ಒಳಳಯದ: ಅಮತ ಶ ಬಳ ಸದದರಮಯಯ ಹಳದದನ?

ನವದೆಹಲಿ, ಜೂನ್ 22: ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿ ಸಿದ್ದರಾಮಯ್ಯ ನವದೆಹಲಿ ಪ್ರವಾಸದ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಗೃಹ ಸಚಿವ ಅಮಿತ್‌ ಶಾ ಅವರನ್ನು ಭೇಟಿ ಮಾಡಿದರು. ಕೇಂದ್ರದ ನೀತಿಯಿಂದ ಬಡವರಿಗೆ ಅಕ್ಕಿ ಪೂರೈಕೆ ಮಾಡಲು ಆಗಿರುವ ಸಮಸ್ಯೆಯ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಚರ್ಚೆ ನಡೆಸಿದರು. ಸೌಹಾರ್ದ ಭೇಟಿಯ ಸಂದರ್ಭದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿದ್ದರಾಮಯ್ಯ ಮಾತನಾಡಿ, "ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಮಾಡಿರುವ ನೀತಿ ಆಹಾರ ಭದ್ರತಾ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಗೆ ವಿರುದ್ಧವಾಗಿದೆ.

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ಭರತ ಈಗ ವಶವದ ಪರಮಖ ಆಟಗರ: ಹಡ ಹಗಳದ ಜನ ಕರಬ

ಭಾರತ ಈಗ "ವಿಶ್ವ ಆಟಗಾರ" ಭದ್ರತೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸ್ಥಿರತೆಯ ರಫ್ತುದಾರ ದೇಶವಾಗಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಯುಎಸ್ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಭದ್ರತಾ ಮಂಡಳಿಯ ಕಾರ್ಯತಂತ್ರ ಸಂವಹನಗಳ ಸಂಯೋಜಕ ಜಾನ್ ಕಿರ್ಬಿ ಭಾರತದ ಬಗ್ಗೆ ಹಾಡಿ ಹೊಗಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಭಾರತ-ಅಮೆರಿಕ ನಡುವಿನ ಸಂಬಂಧವನ್ನು ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಬಲಪಡಿಸಲು ಎದುರು ನೋಡುತ್ತಿರುವುದಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಿದ್ದಾರೆ. "ಭಾರತ ಈಗಾಗಲೇ ಇಂಡೋ-ಪೆಸಿಫಿಕ್ ಪ್ರದೇಶದಲ್ಲಿ ಮತ್ತು ಅದರಾಚೆಗೆ ಭದ್ರತೆಗೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಪಟ್ಟಂತೆ ರಫ್ತು ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದಾರೆ.

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ಪಕಷದ ಕಲಸ ನನಗ ವಹಸ ಪರತಪಕಷ ನಯಕನ ಸಥನ ಬಡ ಎದ ಎನಸಪ ನಯಕ ಅಜತ ಪವರ

ಮುಂಬೈ , ಜೂನ್. 21: ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರ ವಿಧಾನಸಭೆಯ ವಿರೋಧ ಪಕ್ಷದ ನಾಯಕನ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಯಿಂದ ತಮ್ಮನ್ನು ಮುಕ್ತಗೊಳಿಸಬೇಕು ಮತ್ತು ಪಕ್ಷ ಸಂಘಟನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಯಾವುದಾದರೂ ಪಾತ್ರವನ್ನು ನಿಯೋಜಿಸಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ನ್ಯಾಶನಲಿಸ್ಟ್ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ ಪಕ್ಷದ ಹಿರಿಯ ನಾಯಕ ಅಜಿತ್ ಪವಾರ್ ಬುಧವಾರ ಪಕ್ಷದ ನಾಯಕತ್ವಕ್ಕೆ ಮನವಿ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದಾರೆ. ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರದ ಮುಂಬೈನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆದ ನ್ಯಾಶನಲಿಸ್ಟ್ ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ ಪಕ್ಷದ 24ನೇ ಸಂಸ್ಥಾಪನಾ ದಿನದ ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ

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Maps are the Record of Humans' Imagination of the World

The Fra Mauro Map, 1460

 

 

 

One of the most significant word maps now hangs in the Correr Museum in Venice, Italy. This map is seven feet in diameter, inked on velum, and covered with over 3,000 inscriptions in old Veneziano, the language of Venice. It was created by an obscure Venetian monk named Fra Mauro who worked with a team of cartographers, artists, and calligraphers in the middle 1400s at the monastery island of San Michele just off the north shore of Venice. Finished in 1459, this map was a masterpiece of both cartography and artistry, and it is the oldest Medieval map that has survived.

 

This map was also an inflection point in human history. Fra Mauro’s map was the first to show definitively that a ship could circumnavigate Africa at the southern tip and sail into the Indian Ocean, thereby opening sea trade between the West and the East. And it described people and goods across many cultures pointing out to Westerners that there were many other lifeways around the world. But most of all, this map was the first time that a cartographer moved away from religious mythology and ideology and embraced the science of geography. As such, Fra Mauro’s map foreshadowed the slide in Western culture from the insular Middle Ages into the enlightenment of the Renaissance and the beginning of the Scientific Revolution.

 

The ubiquitous nature of mapping suggests that diagraming our landscape is an ancient feature of human cognition and behavior and that we owe much of our evolutionary success to that ability. Maps appeared in the human record before there was writing, and even before there were systems of numbers. Because these drawings were used to represent something else, they were a means of communication and memory and a way to bridge languages and cultures. Among the many maps created by people over time and across cultures, one mode stands out as the most imaginative and creative, and the least practical—the world map. These maps don’t show the way to get home, guide a traveler, or even inform accurately what belongs to whom.

 

World maps are purely artistic in that they have always been made for grand effect. Mappamundi are also products of their times because they chart the history of geography and other knowledge and so these sweeping, impractical showpieces also echo the society in which they were produced; they are talismans of culture, the storytellers of human experience. Their story is our story, and that’s why they matter.

 

The first world map is a tiny bit of smashed-up clay, called the Babylonian map of the world, about the size of a human hand when glued together, and it dates between 500-700 B.C.E. The reconstructed tablet is composed of 8-10 pieces with a hole in the center, which presumably marks the center of the Babylonian Empire. It is incised with rays and circles representing the Euphrates River and a horizontal rectangle that represents the city of Babel. The following centuries produced various world maps in Greece, the Roman Empire, the Arabic world, and some Asian world maps. These maps were made as ancient sailors and navigators began to travel long distances for exploration and trade, and they reflected how their cultures saw the world.

 

Eventually, the cartographers in Western culture used maps as supporting propaganda to reinforce Christian beliefs and to instill fear of the unknown by portraying mystical creatures, warning about barbarians, and highlighting uninhabitable and presumably dangerous places. And of course, all these early cartographers had no idea that there were two more continents on the other side of the globe, continents already inhabited by people who had walked, sailed, or rowed there long ago. These Medieval Western world maps were encyclopedias of knowledge, but that knowledge was biased and narrow.

 

Fra Mauro’s map was constructed during the Late Middle Ages, an exciting time for Western culture. The West was just on the cusp of breaking out of its known geography and sailing to far-flung places. But this Age of Discovery (or Age of Exploration) was not so much about exploring new and interesting places as a purposeful financial move. When Europeans moved out of their geographic comfort zone, they were incited by nascent capitalism, that is the desire to pick up goods and resources from foreign places and sell them back home or elsewhere at a profit.

 

That burgeoning of capitalism was underscored by a focus on technological improvements in trade ships and navigation. Because of Fra Mauro’s map, for example, one could now imagine circumnavigating Africa and entering the Indian Ocean, which had previously been imagined as a closed sea. As a result, trade with the East could be much more efficient and financially profitable by rounding the tip of Africa rather than sticking to land routes across Asia. And this map visually described other sea routes for trade and how they might connect to form one vast trading network.

 

Also, Fra Mauro's map was reflective of the various intellectual revolutions that had begun flowering. Like no world map before it, this one was brimming over with information from other places and cultures, suggesting there was a wide world out there waiting to be explored and understood. In that sense, Fra Mauro’s map was the first encyclopedia of the known world, and it pointed to a vast diversity of peoples and practices.

 

Fra Mauro’s map is not just a map of the known world in the mid-1400s. It is also a reflection of the tipping point that brought Western culture out of the Dark Ages into the light of modernity. His creation was a road map to expansion, discovery, trade, prosperity, and domination. And it gave birth to a long series of later world maps. In other words, this map was like a pebble thrown into a pond, creating various unpredictable but sizable waves of rings that spread out from the impact of that pebble; it changed world history, how world maps have since been used for various purposes, and established the scientific discipline of cartography.

 

 

 

* This article was originally published here